Internet

What is Internet ?

 A global collection of network
 The Internet is a network of networks, linking computers to computers sharing the TCP/IP protocols.

A Hierarchy of Networks

 From a single computer to LAN
 From LAN to ISP
 ISP to WWW

Malaysian ISP’s and type of services they provide

Internet Access

Via

 dial-up,

 landline (over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires),

 T- lines,

 WiFi / WiMAX

 satellite

 GPRS, EDGE. ….

 cell phones

 3G…..

Internet Infrastructure

Internet protocol

 Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP Address.

 The IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the language that computers use to communicate over the Internet.

 A protocol is the pre-defined way that someone who wants to use a service talks with that service. The "someone" could be a person, but more often it is a computer program like a Web browser., etc

 An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes

 An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

A typical IP address looks like this:

 216.27.61.137

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to connect
hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is used by the Internet, as the de factor standard for transmitting data over networks.

(Internet) Applications

 World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote
computers
 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
 VoIP
 IPTV
 …….

Internet Terms

 Domain Name System (DNS)
The Internet naming scheme which consists of a hierarchical sequence of names, from the most
specific to the most general (left to right), separated bydots :

example http://elearning.utm.my/

 IP (Internet protocol)
The Internet standard protocol that provides a common layer over dissimilar networks, used to move
packets among host computers and through gateways if necessary.

 IP Address
The numeric address of a computer connected to theInternet; also called Internet address.

exampel: 66.249.66.215 = 

# footnote : lets watch to HISTORY OF THE INTERNET..

Sejarah Internet

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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

What it is wireless technology ?

􀂉 Wireless networking technologies range from global voice and data networks which allow users networks, to establish wireless connections across long distances, to infrared light and radio frequency technologies that are optimized for short‐range wireless connections.

􀂉 wireless technology is generally used for mobile IT equipment. It encompasses cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDA's), and wireless networking.

Type of Wireless Network

􀀹 Wireless wide area networks (WWANs)

􀀹 Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs)

􀀹 Wireless local area networks (WLANs)

􀀹 Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)

Application of WiFi

Voice and messaging

• Cell phones, pagers.

• analog or digital standards

– The analog standard is the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).

– Digital standards are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

Hand‐held and other Internet‐enabled devices

• Internet‐enabled cell phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) can connect to the Internet across a digital wireless network

• Uses Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),and WML (Wireless Markup Language)

Data Networking.

􀀹Infra Red
􀀹wireless local area networks (WLANs)
􀀹broadband wireless.
􀀹Bluetooth,
􀀹WiMax

Apa itu BLUETOOTH???

Mobile phones: 1G 2G 3G 4G

• 1G

1G is short for first‐generation wireless telephone technology. This generation of phones and networks is represented by the brick‐sized analog phones introduced in the 1980’s. Subsequent numbers refer to newer and upcoming technology.

• 2G

2G phones use digital networks. Going all‐digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email. 2G networks and their digital nature also made it more difficult to eavesdrop on mobile phone calls.

• 3G

3G networks are an in between standard. 3G is seen more as pre4G instead of a standard of its own. The advantage 3G networks have over 2G networks is speed. 3G networks are built to handle the needs of today’s wireless users. This standard of wireless networks increases the speed of internet browsing, picture and video messaging, and handheld GPS use.

• 4G
4G (AKA Beyond 3G) is like the other generations in that its advantage lies in promised increased speeds in data transmission. There is currently no formal definition for 4G, but there are objectives. One of these objectives is for 4G to become a fully IP‐based system, much like modern computer networks. The supposed speeds for 4G will be between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s.

# footnote : perbezaan kelajuan 2G dan 3G

2G vs 3G

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PROTOCOL & CABLING

What is a Protocol?

• A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network.

• These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a network:

– access method,

– allowed physical topologies,

– types of cabling, and

– speed of data transfer.

LAN Technology

Protocol : Ethernet

• the most widely used wired networks protocol

• Early Ethernet network were half duplex, uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense

Multiple Access/Collision Detection) a system where each computer listens to the cable before sending

anything through the network to avoid collisions.

• Since 1997 Ethernet uses full duplex communication,

that does not require listening to other messages and

no collisions occur.

Protocol : Local talk

• a network protocol that was developed Macintosh computers.

• used a method called CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), where a computer signals its intent to transmit before it actually does so.

• allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies using twisted pair cable.

• disadvantage : slow speed (only 230 Kbps).

Protocol Token Ring

• The Token Ring protocol requires a star-wired ring using twisted pair or fiber optic cable. It can operate at

transmission speeds of 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps.

• Fiber Distributed Data Interface - a network

protocol that is used primarily to interconnect

two or more local area networks, often over

large distances.

Protocol FDDI

• access method involves token-passing.

• uses a dual ring physical topology. Transmission normally occurs on one of the rings; if a break occurs, the system keeps information moving by automatically using portions of the second ring to create a new complete ring.

• A major advantage of FDDI is speed. It operates over fiber optic cable at 100 Mbps.

Types of Cabling

Unshielded Twisted Pair

(UTP) Cable

Shielded Twisted Pair

LAN TECHNOLOGY

CABLING(STP) Cable

 Coaxial Cable

Fiber Optic Cable

RJ-45

B & C connector

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

(NOS)

Peer to Peer
• In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities
to use the resources available on the network
• allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
• do not have a file server or a centralized management source
• designed primarily for small to medium local area networks.
• AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are examples of programs that can function as peer to-
peer network operating systems.

YOUTUBE berkata PEER TO PEER (P2P) adalah :

Client/Server
• allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers system
• providing access to resources and providing security.
• individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers.
• Novell Netware and Windows 2000 Server are examples of client/server network operating systems.

YOUTUBE berkata CLIENT/SERVER adalah :

# EXTRA KNOWLEDGE --> how to install cat5 cable to RJ-45

Cara memasang kepala RJ-45

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Network Equipments

Network Equipment

- Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network.

Type of Equipment

 File Server
 Workstation
 Network Interface Cards
 Concentrator/Hubs
 Repeater
 Bridges
 Routers
 Switch

Hubs

• Transmit all data received to all nod connected to the hub. Regardless to which device the data being sent to

• Lots of extra network traffic, network less efficient

Switch

• Identifies the device on the network for which the data is intended and sends the data to that node only

Repeaters

• to boost the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it.

• can be separate devices or they can be incorporated into a concentrator.

• used when the total length of your network cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used

Bridges

• A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network

• It keeps information flowing on both sides of the network, but it does not allow unnecessary traffic through.

• can be used to connect different types of cabling, or physical topologies. They must be between networks with the same protocol.

• A network bridge connects multiple network segments.

• direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back

roads and shortcuts.

Router

• While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network, routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on the network. Routers can even "listen" to the entire network to determine which sections are busiest -- they can then redirect data around those sections until they clear up.

Routers can:

• Direct signal traffic efficiently

• Route messages between any two protocols

• Route messages between linear bus, star, and starwired ring topologies

• Route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling

• a network node equipped for interfacing with

another network that uses different protocols

Gateways

– A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

# Conclusion, different of HUB, SWITCHES & ROUTERS

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TECHNOLOGY & TOPOLOGY

TOPOLOGY

Physical topology :

The physical layout of devices on a network.

or the way that the devices on a network are

arranged and how they communicate with each other

Logical topology :

the mapping of the flow of data between the

nodes in the network determines the logical

topology of the network

Type of TOPOLOGY

STAR

LINEAR BUS

RING

MESH

TREE

# mari lihat VIDEO ini untuk membantu ingat semua TOPOLOGY..

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Computer Network

Computer Network

• A collection of computers and other hardware devices that are connected together to share hardware, software, and data as well as to communicate with one another

Network Classification

• LAN – Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• PAN
• W….......

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Bounded/guided (WIRED)
-Twisted pair
-Coaxial
-Fibre optics

Unbounded/Unguided (air/vacuum) (WIRELESS)
-Satellite communication
-Microwave radio
-Infrared signals

NETWORK ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Hub
Router
Switch
Bridge
Gateway

SOFTWARE

• Network software is the information, data or programming used to make it possible for computers to communicate or connect to one another.
• Network software is used to efficiently share information among computers

– At the nodes : involve techniques and protocols to
determine rules and procedure to transmit ,
terminate, translate and to present data and also to
control errors.
– to ensure data reach the destinations

Software for the server Software for client
A network (=server) operating system (NOS)
– a piece of software that controls a network
and its message traffic and queues, controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including security.
– Installed on the server client software
– Installed on the PC/cmputers to access the network and to issue requests to the network

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

STANDARDS

• Architecture: blueprint of standards for a network consisting of items such as choice of media, media interfaces, encoding methods, transmission protocols, routing protocols, etc.
• Needed to ensure interoperability between various devices and equipment made by different vendors.

Uses of Computer Networks

- Sharing a printer or an Internet connections among several users
- Sharing application software with network license, which is cheaper, installed and updated on one computer only
- Working collaboratively
- sharing database
- Exchanging files

Networks devices : Local Area

• NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Media (Network cable)
• Hub/Repeaters
• Server
• Workstations
• NOS (Network operating
Software)-server
• NCS (Network Client Software)

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Data Transmission

Data Transmission

• Data travel over a network in various characteristics: form, amount of data : type, direction and timing :

– Analog vs digital

– Bandwidth

– Serials Vs Parallel

– Transmission timing

– Transmission directions

– Circuit switched, Packet‐Switched, and Broadcast Connections

Analog Vs Digital

- Analog transmission uses signals that are exact replicas of a sound wave or image.

- Signals of varying frequency or amplitude are added to carrier waves with a given frequency of              electromagnetic current to produce a continuous electric wave. E.g standard phones, fax

machines, and modems.

- Digital transmission the signals are converted into a binary code, whichconsists of two elements.

Digital format is ideal for electronic communication as the string of 1s and 0s can be transmitted by a

series of "on/off" signals represented by pulses of electricity or light.

Bandwidth

• = The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.

• For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually measured in bits per second(bps), Megabits

persecond (Mbps) etc

• Medium with higher bandwidth deliver data faster

Serial vs Parallel Transmission

• Serial transmission : data sent one bit at a time, one after another a long a single path

• Parallel transmission : data is sent at least one byte at a time, each bit in the byte taking separate path

Serial vs Parallel Transmission

• Serial transmission : used for short communication. e.g between computer to printer

• Parallel transmission used within computer component e.g buses

Transmission Timing

• Synchronous transmission – Data organised into blocks or groups and

transferred at regular specified interval

• Asynchronous transmission  –  the process where transmitted data is encoded with start and stop bits, specifying the beginning and end of each character.Data sent without being synchronised

Isochronous transmission – data is sent at the same time as other related data to support certain types of real time applications e.g streaming voice, video and music.

Directions of Data Transmission

• Simplex

• Duplex

– Half Duplex

– Full Duplex

Simplex

• One way communications

• Data travels in single direction only i.e door bell

etc

• Relatively uncommon in computer communications

Half Duplex

• Data can travel in either direction but

only in one direction at a time.

• USB devices are half duplex

Full Duplex

• Data can moves in both directions at he

same time, such as with a telephones.

• Ideal for hardware devices that need to

pass large amount of data between

each other.

• Many networks and most internet

connections are full duplex

Circuit switched, Packet‐Switched,

and Broadcast Connections

• Circuit switched

– Data used dedicated path from sender to receiver

Packet‐Switched

• Data sent as individual packets, which are

assembled at the recipient’s destination

Broadcast Connections

• Data broadcast to all nodes within range

Data Compression

• Data compression encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

• Compression is used just about everywhere. All the images you get on the web are compressed, typically in the JPEG or GIF formats, most modems use compression, HDTV will be compressed using MPEG‐2, and several file systems automatically compress files whenstored, and the rest of us do it by hand

• Data compression is particularly useful in communications because it enables devices to transmit or store the same amount of data in

fewer bits.

• In addition, there are file compression formats, such as ARC and ZIP.

# lets watch video about DATA TRANSMISSION

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